The BCECE 2025 syllabus

The BCECE 2025 syllabus

The BCECE 2024 syllabus is detailed and covers various subjects, including Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology, and Agriculture. Each subject has a comprehensive list of topics that candidates need to prepare for. Here are some key points about the syllabus and exam pattern:

Subjects and Topics

Physics:

• Physical World and Measurement

• Kinematics

• Laws of Motion

• Work, Energy, and Power

• Gravitation

• Heat and Thermodynamics

• Oscillations and Waves

• Electrostatics

• Current Electricity

• Magnetism

• Electromagnetic Induction

• Optics

• Dual Nature of Matter

• Atoms and Nuclei

• Electronic Devices

• Communication Systems

Chemistry:

• Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

• Structure of Atom

• Classification of Elements

• Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• States of Matter

• Thermodynamics

• Equilibrium

• Redox Reactions

• Hydrogen and s-Block Elements

• p-Block Elements

• Organic Chemistry Principles

• Hydrocarbons

• Environmental Chemistry

• Solutions

• Electrochemistry

• Chemical Kinetics

• Surface Chemistry

Mathematics:

• Sets and Functions

• Algebra

• Coordinate Geometry

• Calculus

• Mathematical Reasoning

• Statistics and Probability

Biology:

• Diversity in Living World

• Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Cell Structure and Function

• Plant Physiology

• Human Physiology

• Reproduction

• Genetics and Evolution

• Biology and Human Welfare

• Biotechnology

• Ecology and Environment

Agriculture:

• Crop Production and Management

• Horticulture

• Animal Husbandry

• Agricultural Economics

• Agro-meteorology

Exam Pattern

• Number of Questions: Each section contains 100 questions.

• Marks: Each section is worth 400 marks.

• Duration: 90 minutes per section.

• Negative Marking: 1 mark will be deducted for every wrong answer.

Class 6 Science full Notes

 

Kavya Academy, Barbigha 

Class 6 Science Full Notes 

Chapter 1: Food: Where Does It Come From?

1. Introduction to Food

• Definition of Food: Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is essential for energy, growth, and maintenance of health.

• Purpose of Food: To provide energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate body processes.

2. Sources of Food

• Plant Sources: Plants provide a variety of foods such as fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds. Examples include:

• Fruits: Apples, bananas, oranges

• Vegetables: Carrots, spinach, potatoes

• Grains: Rice, wheat, maize

• Legumes: Beans, lentils, peas

• Animal Sources: Animals provide food products such as meat, milk, eggs, and honey. Examples include:

• Meat: Chicken, beef, pork

• Milk: Cow’s milk, goat’s milk

• Eggs: Chicken eggs

• Honey: Produced by bees

3. Plant Products

• Fruits and Vegetables: These are rich in vitamins and minerals. Fruits like oranges are high in Vitamin C, while vegetables like carrots are rich in Vitamin A.

• Grains and Pulses: Grains such as rice and wheat are staple foods that provide carbohydrates. Pulses like lentils and beans are good sources of proteins and fibers.

4. Animal Products

• Milk and Dairy Products: Milk is a source of calcium and protein. Dairy products like cheese and yogurt are also derived from milk.

• Meat and Eggs: Meat provides proteins and essential nutrients. Eggs are rich in proteins and vitamins.

5. Traditional and Modern Food Sources

• Traditional Sources: Historically, people relied heavily on locally available plants and animals for food. Agriculture and domestication of animals played a key role.

• Modern Sources: With advancements in technology, we now have a wide range of food products available globally, including processed and packaged foods.

6. Food Preservation

• Methods of Preservation: To prevent spoilage and extend shelf life, various methods are used, such as:

• Drying: Removing moisture to prevent bacterial growth (e.g., dried fruits).

• Refrigeration: Keeping food at low temperatures (e.g., milk, meat).

• Canning: Sealing food in cans to prevent contamination (e.g., canned vegetables).

7. Food Chain

• Concept of Food Chain: A food chain illustrates how energy and nutrients flow from one organism to another. It starts with producers (plants) and moves to consumers (animals).

• Producers: Plants that produce food through photosynthesis.

• Primary Consumers: Herbivores that eat plants (e.g., deer).

• Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat herbivores (e.g., lions).

• Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead plants and animals (e.g., fungi, bacteria).

8. Balanced Diet

• Definition: A balanced diet includes a variety of foods in the right proportions to provide essential nutrients and energy.

• Components of a Balanced Diet:

• Carbohydrates: Provide energy (e.g., rice, bread).

• Proteins: Help in growth and repair (e.g., meat, legumes).

• Fats: Provide energy and support cell functions (e.g., oils, butter).

• Vitamins and Minerals: Essential for various bodily functions (e.g., fruits, vegetables).

9. Importance of Hygiene

• Food Hygiene: Proper handling, cooking, and storage of food to avoid contamination and foodborne illnesses.

• Washing Hands: Before handling food.

• Cooking Thoroughly: To kill harmful bacteria.

• Storing Properly: To prevent spoilage.

Very Short Questions

1. Q: What is food?

• A: Food is any substance consumed to provide energy, growth, and repair of tissues.

2. Q: Name a plant source of food.

• A: Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes.

3. Q: Name an animal source of food.

• A: Milk, eggs, meat.

4. Q: What do you call food that comes only from plants?

• A: Vegetarian food.

5. Q: What is the process of growing crops called?

• A: Agriculture.

6. Q: What is animal husbandry?

• A: The rearing of animals for food products.

7. Q: What is the role of food in our body?

• A: Provides energy, supports growth, and helps repair tissues.

8. Q: What is a primary consumer?

• A: An animal that eats plants.

9. Q: What is a food chain?

• A: A sequence of organisms, each serving as food for the next.

10. Q: Give an example of a non-vegetarian food.

• A: Chicken, eggs.

Short Questions

1. Q: Explain the difference between vegetarian and non-vegetarian food.

• A: Vegetarian food comes from plant sources only, such as fruits and vegetables. Non-vegetarian food includes products from animals, such as meat, eggs, and milk.

2. Q: How does farming contribute to food production?

• A: Farming involves growing crops and raising animals, which provide a variety of food products, including grains, vegetables, fruits, and animal products.

3. Q: What is the importance of food for living organisms?

• A: Food provides essential nutrients that supply energy, support growth, and help in the repair and maintenance of tissues.

4. Q: Describe the role of plants in the food chain.

• A: Plants are producers in the food chain; they produce their own food through photosynthesis and serve as food for herbivores.

5. Q: What are the main nutrients found in food?

• A: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

6. Q: How does animal husbandry differ from fishing?

• A: Animal husbandry involves rearing animals on land for food products, while fishing involves catching fish and other aquatic animals from water bodies.

7. Q: What is a secondary consumer?

• A: A secondary consumer is an animal that eats herbivores (primary consumers).

8. Q: Why is it important to conserve food resources?

• A: Conserving food resources ensures a steady supply of food for the future and helps in maintaining ecological balance.

9. Q: What is the significance of a food chain in an ecosystem?

• A: A food chain shows the flow of energy and nutrients from producers to consumers, illustrating the interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem.

10. Q: How do different food sources affect our diet?

• A: Different food sources provide varying nutrients, which are essential for balanced nutrition and overall health.

Chapter 2: Components of Food

1. Importance of Food:

• Nutrients: Food provides essential nutrients that our body needs to function properly. These nutrients are:

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• Water

2. Types of Nutrients:

a. Carbohydrates:

• Function: Provide energy. They are the main source of energy for the body.

• Sources: Rice, wheat, potatoes, bread, and cereals.

• Types:

• Simple Carbohydrates: Found in fruits and honey.

• Complex Carbohydrates: Found in grains and vegetables.

b. Proteins:

• Function: Essential for growth and repair of body tissues. Also important for making enzymes and hormones.

• Sources: Meat, fish, eggs, milk, beans, and legumes.

• Types:

• Animal Proteins: Found in meat, eggs, and dairy products.

• Plant Proteins: Found in beans, lentils, and nuts.

c. Fats:

• Function: Provide energy and help in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). They also help in protecting organs.

• Sources: Butter, oils, nuts, and fatty fish.

• Types:

• Saturated Fats: Found in animal products and some oils.

• Unsaturated Fats: Found in vegetable oils and fish.

d. Vitamins:

• Function: Essential for various biochemical functions. Different vitamins have specific roles:

• Vitamin A: Good for eyesight and immune system (Sources: Carrots, liver).

• Vitamin B Complex: Important for energy and brain function (Sources: Whole grains, meat).

• Vitamin C: Helps in the healing of wounds and improves immunity (Sources: Citrus fruits, tomatoes).

• Vitamin D: Helps in calcium absorption (Sources: Sunlight, dairy products).

e. Minerals:

• Function: Necessary for various bodily functions such as bone formation and nerve function.

• Key Minerals:

• Calcium: Important for bones and teeth (Sources: Milk, cheese).

• Iron: Necessary for blood production (Sources: Spinach, meat).

• Iodine: Important for thyroid function (Sources: Iodized salt, seafood).

f. Water:

• Function: Vital for all bodily functions including digestion, absorption, and excretion. It also helps in maintaining body temperature.

• Sources: Drinking water, fruits, and vegetables.

3. Balanced Diet:

• Definition: A diet that includes a variety of foods in the right proportions to provide all the nutrients required by the body.

• Components of a Balanced Diet:

• Carbohydrates: 50-60% of daily intake

• Proteins: 10-15% of daily intake

• Fats: 20-30% of daily intake

• Vitamins and Minerals: Adequate amounts of different vitamins and minerals.

4. Deficiency Diseases:

• Definition: Diseases caused by a lack of essential nutrients in the diet.

• Examples:

• Scurvy: Caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C (Symptoms: Bleeding gums, weakness).

• Rickets: Caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D (Symptoms: Weak bones).

• Anemia: Caused by a deficiency of iron (Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness).

5. Testing for Nutrients:

• Starch Test: Using iodine solution to test for the presence of starch (turns blue-black).

• Protein Test: Using biuret solution to test for proteins (turns violet).

• Fat Test: Using brown paper to test for fats (paper becomes translucent).

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Very Short Answer Questions

1. What are the main components of food?

• Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

2. Which nutrient is the main source of energy?

• Carbohydrates.

3. Name a source of protein.

• Eggs.

4. Which vitamin is important for eyesight?

• Vitamin A.

5. What is the function of fats in the body?

• To provide energy and help absorb fat-soluble vitamins.

6. Name one source of Vitamin C.

• Oranges.

7. What does a balanced diet include?

• Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water in the right proportions.

8. What is the role of water in the body?

• It helps in digestion, absorption, and maintaining body temperature.

9. Which nutrient helps in the repair of body tissues?

• Proteins.

10. Name a deficiency disease caused by lack of Vitamin D.

• Rickets.

Short Answer Questions

1. Explain why proteins are important for our body.

• Proteins are essential for the growth and repair of body tissues. They are also important for making enzymes and hormones.

2. How do fats contribute to our health?

• Fats provide energy, help in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), and protect internal organs.

3. What are carbohydrates and where can we find them?

• Carbohydrates are nutrients that provide energy. They are found in foods such as rice, bread, potatoes, and cereals.

4. Describe the importance of vitamins in our diet.

• Vitamins are essential for various biochemical functions in the body, such as maintaining good vision, immune function, and blood clotting.

5. What are the symptoms of scurvy and what causes it?

• Symptoms of scurvy include bleeding gums and weakness. It is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C.

6. What are deficiency diseases, and give two examples.

• Deficiency diseases are illnesses caused by a lack of essential nutrients in the diet. Examples include anemia (iron deficiency) and rickets (Vitamin D deficiency).

7. How can we test for the presence of starch in food?

• We can test for starch using iodine solution, which turns blue-black in the presence of starch.

8. What role does water play in maintaining body temperature?

• Water helps in regulating body temperature through sweating and evaporation.

9. Why is a balanced diet important?

• A balanced diet ensures that the body receives all the essential nutrients in the right proportions needed for proper growth, development, and overall health.

10. What are some sources of dietary fiber?

• Dietary fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.

Chapter 3: Fibre to Fabric

1. Introduction to Fibres

• Definition: Fibres are thread-like structures used to make fabrics. They can be obtained from natural or synthetic sources.

• Types of Fibres:

• Natural Fibres: Derived from plants or animals.

• Synthetic Fibres: Man-made through chemical processes.

2. Natural Fibres

• Plant Fibres:

• Cotton: Obtained from the cotton plant. Cotton fibers are spun into yarn and then woven into fabric. Cotton fabric is soft and breathable.

• Jute: Comes from the jute plant. It is used to make burlap, hessian, and gunny bags. Jute is a coarse fiber.

• Animal Fibres:

• Wool: Comes from the fleece of sheep and other animals like goats (cashmere and angora), rabbits (angora), and alpacas. Wool is warm and used for sweaters, blankets, and carpets.

• Silk: Produced by silkworms. The fibers are obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm and are spun into threads. Silk is soft, smooth, and has a natural sheen.

3. Synthetic Fibres

• Definition: Fibres made from chemical substances. They are often created using polymers.

• Examples:

• Nylon: Strong, elastic, and resistant to wear and tear. Used for clothing, ropes, and fishing nets.

• Polyester: Durable, resistant to wrinkles and shrinking. Used in clothing, home furnishings, and industrial fabrics.

• Acrylic: Lightweight and warm, often used as a substitute for wool in sweaters and blankets.

4. Making Fabric from Fibres

• Spinning: Fibres are twisted to form yarn or thread. This process aligns the fibres and makes them strong.

• Process: The fibres are cleaned, carded (brushed), and then spun into yarn.

• Weaving: The yarn is woven into fabric using a loom. The basic weave patterns include plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave.

• Plain Weave: The simplest weave where the yarns are woven over and under each other.

• Twill Weave: The yarns are woven in a pattern that creates a diagonal texture.

• Satin Weave: The yarns are woven in a way that creates a smooth, shiny surface.

• Knitting: Yarn is looped together to create fabric. Knitted fabrics are stretchy and used for various garments.

5. Traditional and Modern Methods

• Traditional Methods:

• Hand-spinning and weaving were traditional methods used to make fabrics. These methods are still used in some parts of the world and for specific types of fabrics.

• Modern Methods:

• Industrial spinning and weaving machines are used to produce fabrics on a large scale. Synthetic fibres are manufactured in chemical plants and used widely in the textile industry.

6. Importance of Fibres and Fabrics

• Clothing: Fabrics made from various fibres are essential for clothing and textiles.

• Economic Importance: The textile industry provides employment and contributes significantly to the economy of many countries.

• Cultural Significance: Different cultures have traditional fabrics and techniques that are important for their heritage and identity.

Very Short Questions

1. What is a fibre?

• A fibre is a thread-like structure used to make fabrics.

2. Name one natural fibre obtained from plants.

• Cotton.

3. Which animal provides wool?

• Sheep.

4. What is silk made from?

• The cocoon of the silkworm.

5. Give an example of a synthetic fibre.

• Nylon.

6. What is the process of twisting fibres into yarn called?

• Spinning.

7. Which process involves interlacing yarns to make fabric?

• Weaving.

8. What type of weave is characterized by a diagonal texture?

• Twill weave.

9. Name a synthetic fibre used as a substitute for wool.

• Acrylic.

10. Which fibre is known for its smooth and shiny surface?

• Silk.

Short Questions with Answers

1. What are natural fibres?

• Natural fibres are obtained from plants or animals. Examples include cotton from plants and wool from sheep.

2. How is jute used in textiles?

• Jute is used to make burlap, hessian, and gunny bags due to its coarse texture.

3. Describe the spinning process.

• Spinning involves twisting fibres to form yarn or thread. The fibres are cleaned, carded, and then spun into yarn.

4. What is the difference between weaving and knitting?

• Weaving involves interlacing yarns on a loom to make fabric, while knitting involves looping yarn together to create fabric.

5. Explain the plain weave pattern.

• In plain weave, the yarns are woven over and under each other in a simple, crisscross pattern.

6. Why is silk considered a luxurious fabric?

• Silk is smooth, shiny, and has a natural sheen, making it feel luxurious and elegant.

7. What are synthetic fibres made from?

• Synthetic fibres are made from chemical substances through polymerization processes.

8. Give an example of a use for polyester fabric.

• Polyester is used in clothing, home furnishings, and industrial fabrics due to its durability and resistance to wrinkles.

9. What is the significance of wool in clothing?

• Wool is warm and used for sweaters, blankets, and carpets, making it ideal for cold weather.

10. How does the texture of twill weave differ from plain weave?

• Twill weave creates a diagonal texture, while plain weave has a simple crisscross pattern without texture.

Chapter 4: Sorting Materials into Groups

Introduction

Sorting materials involves classifying them based on their physical properties. This process helps in understanding the characteristics of different materials and their uses.

**1. Understanding Materials

Materials are substances that make up the world around us. They can be classified into different groups based on their properties.

**2. Properties of Materials

Materials can be classified based on the following properties:

• Physical State:

• Solids: Have a definite shape and volume (e.g., wood, iron).

• Liquids: Have a definite volume but take the shape of the container (e.g., water, milk).

• Gases: Do not have a definite shape or volume and expand to fill the container (e.g., air, helium).

• Hardness:

• Hard Materials: Difficult to scratch or dent (e.g., metal, glass).

• Soft Materials: Can be easily scratched or dented (e.g., sponge, cotton).

• Solubility:

• Soluble Materials: Dissolve in a liquid (e.g., sugar, salt).

• Insoluble Materials: Do not dissolve in a liquid (e.g., sand, oil).

• Transparency:

• Transparent Materials: Allow light to pass through (e.g., glass, clear plastic).

• Translucent Materials: Allow some light to pass through but not clear images (e.g., frosted glass, tissue paper).

• Opaque Materials: Do not allow light to pass through (e.g., wood, metal).

**3. Grouping Materials

Materials are grouped based on the properties mentioned above:

• Natural and Man-made Materials:

• Natural Materials: Obtained from nature (e.g., wood, cotton).

• Man-made Materials: Created by humans (e.g., plastic, synthetic fabrics).

• Materials Based on Uses:

• Construction Materials: Used for building structures (e.g., cement, bricks).

• Packaging Materials: Used to package goods (e.g., cardboard, plastic wraps).

• Clothing Materials: Used for making clothes (e.g., wool, polyester).

**4. Sorting Techniques

• Physical Sorting: Involves separating materials based on visible properties like color, size, or texture (e.g., sorting pebbles by color).

• Use of Tools: Tools like sieves, magnets, and filters help in sorting materials (e.g., using a sieve to separate sand from larger particles).

**5. Applications of Sorting

Sorting helps in:

• Recycling: Different materials are separated for recycling processes.

• Organizing: Helps in organizing items efficiently (e.g., in libraries or warehouses).

**6. Activities to Understand Sorting

• Sorting Experiment: Take a mixture of various materials (e.g., pebbles, sand, and metal pieces) and sort them using different techniques.

• Classify Objects: Collect objects from around the house and classify them based on their properties.

Summary

Sorting materials into groups helps us understand their properties and uses better. It is a practical skill that aids in organizing and utilizing materials effectively in everyday life.

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Very Short Questions (1-2 sentences)

1. What are the three states of matter?

• Solids, liquids, and gases.

2. What is an example of a soluble material?

• Salt.

3. Name one property used to sort materials.

• Hardness.

4. What is a translucent material?

• A material that allows some light to pass through but not clear images (e.g., frosted glass).

5. Give an example of a man-made material.

• Plastic.

6. What tool can be used to separate sand from pebbles?

• A sieve.

7. What do we call materials that do not dissolve in water?

• Insoluble materials.

8. What is an opaque material?

• A material that does not allow light to pass through (e.g., wood).

9. Name a natural material.

• Wood.

10. What does the term 'hardness' refer to in material properties?

• It refers to the resistance of a material to being scratched or dented.

Short Questions (3-4 sentences)

1. How can you separate a mixture of sand and salt?

• Dissolve the salt in water, filter the mixture to remove sand, and then evaporate the water to obtain the salt.

2. Explain the difference between transparent and translucent materials.

• Transparent materials allow light to pass through completely, enabling clear visibility of objects behind them. Translucent materials allow only some light to pass through, creating a blurred image of objects behind them.

3. Why is it important to sort materials before recycling?

• Sorting materials before recycling ensures that each type of material is processed correctly, improving the efficiency of recycling and reducing contamination of recyclable materials.

4. What are the uses of hard materials?

• Hard materials are used in construction, manufacturing tools, and making durable items due to their resistance to scratching and deformation.

5. Describe how a magnet can be used in sorting materials.

• A magnet can be used to separate magnetic materials (like iron filings) from non-magnetic materials in a mixture by attracting the magnetic substances.

6. What is the role of physical properties in sorting materials?

• Physical properties such as color, size, and texture help in classifying and organizing materials based on their observable characteristics.

7. How can sorting materials based on their solubility be useful?

• Sorting materials based on solubility helps in separating substances that dissolve in liquids from those that do not, which is useful in various processes such as cooking and chemical experiments.

8. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change in materials?

• A physical change alters the appearance or state of a material without changing its chemical composition (e.g., melting ice). A chemical change results in the formation of new substances with different properties (e.g., rusting of iron).

9. How can size be used as a criterion for sorting materials?

• Size can be used to sort materials using tools like sieves or mesh screens that allow particles of a certain size to pass through while retaining larger particles.

10. Why might it be useful to sort materials by their density?

• Sorting materials by density can help in separating substances that are heavy from those that are lighter, which is useful in processes like recycling or material handling.

Chapter 5: Separation of Substances

Introduction

Separation of substances is a process used to isolate different components from a mixture. This is essential in daily life and various industries to obtain pure substances.

Mixtures

• Definition: A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.

• Examples: Sand and salt, air, salad.

Types of Mixtures

1. Homogeneous Mixtures

• Definition: Mixtures that have a uniform composition throughout.

• Examples: Saltwater, air.

2. Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Definition: Mixtures that have visibly different components or phases.

• Examples: Sand and water, salad.

Separation Techniques

Different methods are used to separate substances based on their physical properties. Here are some common techniques:

1. Handpicking

• Method: Picking out larger pieces of unwanted substances by hand.

• Used for: Separating large impurities from grains or pulses.

2. Sieving

• Method: Using a sieve (mesh or net) to separate materials based on size.

• Used for: Separating sand from gravel or flour from larger particles.

3. Filtration

• Method: Passing a mixture through a filter paper placed in a funnel to separate solids from liquids.

• Used for: Separating tea leaves from tea, or sand from water.

4. Evaporation

• Method: Heating a liquid to form vapor, leaving behind the solid residue.

• Used for: Obtaining salt from seawater.

5. Condensation

• Method: Cooling vapor to form a liquid.

• Used for: Collecting water from steam in distillation.

6. Distillation

• Method: Heating a liquid to create vapor, which is then cooled to collect the purified liquid.

• Used for: Purifying water, separating alcohol from mixtures.

7. Chromatography

• Method: Using a medium to separate components of a mixture based on their different affinities.

• Used for: Separating pigments in ink, different substances in a mixture.

8. Magnetic Separation

• Method: Using magnets to separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones.

• Used for: Separating iron filings from sand.

9. Decantation

• Method: Pouring off the liquid layer from a settled solid.

• Used for: Separating water from sediment.

10. Sedimentation

• Method: Allowing solid particles to settle at the bottom of a liquid.

• Used for: Removing impurities from water by letting them settle down.

11. Centrifugation

• Method: Spinning a mixture rapidly to separate substances based on density.

• Used for: Separating cream from milk, blood components in a lab.

Importance of Separation

• Purification: Ensures that the final product is free from unwanted substances.

• Concentration: Helps in concentrating desired substances for further use.

• Efficiency: Improves the efficiency of processes in industries and laboratories.

Applications

• Daily Life: Separating tea leaves, cleaning water, sifting flour.

• Industry: Oil refining, mineral processing, waste treatment.

Very Short Questions

1. What is a mixture?

• A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

2. What is filtration used for?

• Filtration is used to separate solids from liquids.

3. Name one method to separate salt from seawater.

• Evaporation.

4. What is the process of separating tea leaves from tea called?

• Filtration.

5. Which technique uses a sieve?

• Sieving.

6. What is decantation used for?

• To separate a liquid from a solid that has settled at the bottom.

7. What do you call a mixture where components are uniformly distributed?

• Homogeneous mixture.

8. What property does magnetic separation use?

• Magnetism.

9. Name one method of separating different pigments in ink.

• Chromatography.

10. What is the process of heating a liquid to form vapor and then cooling it to collect the liquid called?

• Distillation.

Short Questions and Answers

1. Explain the method of handpicking.

• Handpicking involves manually selecting and removing larger unwanted particles from a mixture, such as picking stones from grains.

2. How does sieving work?

• Sieving separates particles based on their size by passing the mixture through a mesh or sieve, where smaller particles pass through while larger ones are retained.

3. What is the principle behind filtration?

• Filtration works on the principle that solids are separated from liquids by passing the mixture through a filter, which allows only the liquid to pass through while trapping the solid particles.

4. Describe the process of evaporation.

• Evaporation involves heating a liquid to turn it into vapor, leaving behind any dissolved solids, such as salt from seawater.

5. What is condensation in the context of separation?

• Condensation is the process of cooling vapor to turn it back into a liquid, which can then be collected, as seen in distillation.

6. How does chromatography help in separation?

• Chromatography separates substances based on their different affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase, allowing for the identification and isolation of components in a mixture.

7. Why is magnetic separation used?

• Magnetic separation is used to isolate magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones, such as separating iron filings from sand.

8. What is the purpose of sedimentation?

• Sedimentation allows solid particles to settle at the bottom of a liquid, making it easier to separate the settled solids from the liquid.

9. How does centrifugation separate substances?

• Centrifugation uses rapid spinning to separate substances based on their density, with denser substances moving to the outer edges of the spinning container.

10. What is decantation and when is it used?

• Decantation is the process of carefully pouring off a liquid from a settled solid, such as separating water from sediment, without disturbing the solid.

Chapter 6: Changes Around Us

1. Physical Changes

• Definition: Changes that do not alter the chemical composition of a substance.

• Examples: Melting of ice, boiling of water, dissolving sugar in water, chopping vegetables.

• Characteristics: Reversible, the substance remains the same, only physical properties change.

2. Chemical Changes

• Definition: Changes that result in the formation of new substances with different chemical properties.

• Examples: Burning of wood, rusting of iron, digestion of food, reaction between vinegar and baking soda.

• Characteristics: Irreversible, new substances are formed, energy may be absorbed or released.

3. Differences Between Physical and Chemical Changes

• Physical Changes:

• Reversible.

• No new substance is formed.

• Physical properties change (e.g., shape, size).

• Chemical Changes:

• Irreversible.

• New substances with different properties are formed.

• Often involve energy changes.

4. Everyday Examples of Changes

• Physical: Ice melting into water, paper tearing.

• Chemical: Baking a cake, photosynthesis in plants.

Chapter 6: Changes Around Us

Very Short Questions

1. What is a physical change?

• Answer: A physical change is a change that does not alter the chemical composition of a substance.

2. Give an example of a chemical change.

• Answer: Burning of wood.

3. Is melting of ice a physical or chemical change?

• Answer: Physical change.

4. What happens to the substance in a chemical change?

• Answer: New substances are formed.

5. Can physical changes be reversed?

• Answer: Yes, physical changes are generally reversible.

6. What is rusting of iron?

• Answer: A chemical change.

7. Is dissolving sugar in water a physical or chemical change?

• Answer: Physical change.

8. What type of change occurs in cooking food?

• Answer: Chemical change.

9. What is an example of a reversible physical change?

• Answer: Freezing of water.

10. What type of change is tearing a paper?

• Answer: Physical change.

Short Questions

1. Explain the difference between physical and chemical changes.

• Answer: Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition of a substance, and they are generally reversible. Chemical changes result in the formation of new substances and are usually irreversible.

2. What are some examples of physical changes?

• Answer: Melting of ice, boiling of water, breaking of glass.

3. What are some examples of chemical changes?

• Answer: Burning of wood, rusting of iron, cooking of food.

4. Why is burning of paper considered a chemical change?

• Answer: Because it results in the formation of new substances like ash and smoke, and it cannot be reversed.

5. Describe a situation where both physical and chemical changes occur.

• Answer: Baking a cake involves physical changes (mixing ingredients) and chemical changes (baking transforms the mixture into a cake).

6. How can you separate a mixture of sand and salt?

• Answer: Dissolve the salt in water, filter out the sand, and then evaporate the water to obtain the salt.

7. What happens to a substance during a physical change?

• Answer: The physical properties of the substance change, but its chemical composition remains the same.

8. What is the role of energy in chemical changes?

• Answer: Chemical changes often involve energy absorption or release, such as heat, light, or sound.

9. How can you identify if a change is chemical?

• Answer: If the change results in new substances with different properties and often involves energy changes, it is a chemical change.

10. Give an example of a physical change that is irreversible.

• Answer: Breaking a glass bottle; although the glass cannot return to its original state, the change is physical.

Chapter 7: Getting to Know Plants

1. Parts of a Plant

• Roots: Anchor the plant in the soil, absorb water and nutrients.

• Types: Taproot (e.g., carrot), fibrous root (e.g., grass).

• Stem: Supports the plant, transports water and nutrients.

• Functions: Holds leaves, flowers, and fruits.

• Leaves: Perform photosynthesis, transpiration.

• Types: Simple leaves (one blade), compound leaves (multiple blades).

• Flowers: Reproductive part of the plant.

• Functions: Pollination, fertilization.

• Fruits: Develop from flowers, contain seeds.

• Seeds: Contain the embryo of a new plant.

2. Types of Plants

• Herbs: Small, non-woody plants (e.g., mint, coriander).

• Shrubs: Medium-sized plants with woody stems (e.g., rose, hibiscus).

• Trees: Large, woody plants with a single main trunk (e.g., mango, oak).

3. Functions of Different Parts

• Roots: Nutrient absorption, stability.

• Stem: Support, transport.

• Leaves: Photosynthesis, transpiration.

• Flowers/Fruits: Reproduction, seed dispersal.

Chapter 7: Getting to Know Plants

Very Short Questions

1. What is the function of roots?

• Answer: Absorb water and nutrients, anchor the plant.

2. Name one type of root.

• Answer: Taproot or fibrous root.

3. What part of the plant is responsible for photosynthesis?

• Answer: Leaves.

4. What are the two main types of leaves?

• Answer: Simple leaves and compound leaves.

5. What do flowers produce?

• Answer: Fruits and seeds.

6. What is a taproot?

• Answer: A primary root that grows deep into the soil (e.g., carrot).

7. What is the main function of the stem?

• Answer: Support the plant and transport water and nutrients.

8. What part of the plant develops into fruit?

• Answer: The flower.

9. What is a shrub?

• Answer: A medium-sized plant with woody stems.

10. What are herbs?

• Answer: Small, non-woody plants.

Short Questions

1. What are the different types of plant roots?

• Answer: Taproot (e.g., carrot), fibrous root (e.g., grass), and adventitious roots (e.g., banyan tree roots).

2. Describe the structure and function of a leaf.

• Answer: A leaf typically has a blade, petiole, and veins. Its main function is photosynthesis, where it converts light energy into chemical energy.

3. How do plants reproduce?

• Answer: Through flowers, which facilitate pollination and fertilization, leading to the production of seeds and fruits.

4. What are the differences between herbs, shrubs, and trees?

• Answer: Herbs are small, non-woody plants; shrubs are medium-sized with woody stems; trees are large with a single trunk and a well-defined canopy.

5. Explain the role of the stem in a plant.

• Answer: The stem supports the plant, transports water and nutrients between roots and leaves, and holds leaves and flowers.

6. How do roots benefit plants in terms of stability?

• Answer: Roots anchor the plant firmly in the soil, providing stability and preventing it from being uprooted.

7. What is the process of making fabric from fibers?

• Answer: Fibers are harvested, spun into yarn, and then woven or knitted to make fabric.

8. How do plants adapt to different environments?

• Answer: Through specialized structures such as thick leaves in arid climates for water storage or deep roots in dry areas for better water absorption.

9. What is the importance of flowers in plant reproduction?

• Answer: Flowers facilitate pollination, which leads to fertilization and the formation of fruits and seeds.

10. Why do plants need leaves to be broad and flat?

• Answer: To maximize the surface area for capturing sunlight and performing photosynthesis efficiently.

Chapter 8: Body Movements

1. Types of Movements

• Locomotion: Movement from one place to another.

• Examples: Walking, flying, swimming.

• Movement of Body Parts: Movement within the body (e.g., bending, twisting).

2. Types of Joints

• Fixed Joints: Do not allow movement (e.g., skull bones).

• Hinge Joints: Allow movement in one direction (e.g., elbow, knee).

• Ball and Socket Joints: Allow movement in multiple directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).

• Pivot Joints: Allow rotational movement (e.g., neck).

3. Skeletal System

• Function: Provides structure, protects organs, allows movement.

• Components: Bones, cartilage, ligaments.

• Key Bones: Skull, spine, ribs, limbs.

4. Muscular System

• Function: Enables movement by contracting and relaxing.

• Types of Muscles:

• Voluntary Muscles: Controlled by will (e.g., biceps).

• Involuntary Muscles: Function automatically (e.g., heart muscles, digestive muscles).

• Cardiac Muscles: Found in the heart, pump blood.

Chapter 8: Body Movements

Very Short Questions

1. What is locomotion?

• Answer: Movement from one place to another.

2. Name one type of joint in the human body.

• Answer: Hinge joint.

3. What type of joint is found in the shoulder?

• Answer: Ball and socket joint.

4. What is the function of bones in the body?

• Answer: Provide structure, protect organs, and enable movement.

5. What type of muscle is found in the heart?

• Answer: Cardiac muscle.

6. What is the role of ligaments?

• Answer: Connect bones to other bones at joints.

7. Which muscle type is under voluntary control?

• Answer: Skeletal muscle.

8. What is a fixed joint?

• Answer: A joint that does not allow movement (e.g., skull bones).

9. What movement does the elbow joint allow?

• Answer: Flexion and extension.

10. Which system provides movement and support in the body?

• Answer: The skeletal system.

Short Questions

1. Describe the different types of joints and their functions.

• Answer: Fixed joints (no movement, e.g., skull), hinge joints (movement in one direction, e.g., elbow), ball and socket joints (movement in multiple directions, e.g., shoulder), pivot joints (rotational movement, e.g., neck).

2. How do muscles work to produce movement?

• Answer: Muscles contract and relax to pull on bones, creating movement at the joints.

3. Explain the structure and function of the skeletal system.

• Answer: The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments. It provides structure, supports the body, protects internal organs, and facilitates movement.

4. What are the main functions of the human skeleton?

• Answer: Provide shape and support, protect internal organs, enable movement, produce blood cells, and store minerals.

5. How do voluntary and involuntary muscles differ?

• Answer: Voluntary muscles are controlled by conscious effort (e.g., biceps), while involuntary muscles work automatically without conscious control (e.g., heart muscles).

6. Why is the ball and socket joint important?

• Answer: It allows a wide range of motion in multiple directions (e.g., shoulder and hip joints).

7. What are the main functions of ligaments and tendons?

• Answer: Ligaments connect bones to bones at joints, while tendons connect muscles to bones.

8. How do the muscles in the human body work together for movement?

• Answer: Muscles work in pairs; one muscle contracts while the other relaxes to facilitate movement.

9. What is the role of cartilage in the joints?

• Answer: Cartilage cushions the joints and reduces friction between bones.

10. Explain how the human body maintains balance during movement.

• Answer: The body maintains balance through coordination between the skeletal system, muscles, and the nervous system, including feedback from sensory organs like the eyes and inner ear.